A pigeon in a low speed aerial turn. Turning pigeons produce average downstroke aerodynamic forces in a consistent direction relative to the body, requiring body rotations to change flight trajectories, analogous to helicopters and many flying insects.  At the moment we are trying to understand both the aerodynamic and inertial torques that produce the observed body rotations. During the upstroke, the splaying of the primary feathers is causing the upstroke to be aerodynamically active, very much in agreement with work from U. of Montana. In fact, our estimates of aerodynamic force production during the upstroke in pigeons almost match upstroke forces previously measured for rufus hummingbirds.